Importance of Good Hand Washing

Importance of Good Hand Washing Dorvil Hand Hygiene Hospital acquired infection is a major issue and it can affect the quality of life for any one (Marije, Marlies, Martin, Michel, and Richard, 2007). It is very important that health care staff continue to properly use good hand washing techniques (Maskerine and Loeb, 2006). In order to assist with this issue program developers made use on theories. The theory models used in the literature were Social Cognitive Theory, Health Belief Model and Trans-theoretical Model. Constructs were used to design the programs and were effective in helping the population because it did reduce the high incidence of hospital acquired infections. Although these theories have been used to help solve the issue they have not been quite successful in maintaining a low rate of incidence (Creedon, 2008). Health Belief Model may further improve the program in addition to decreasing or eliminating acquired infections with the help of these constructs; perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benef its, perceived barriers, cues to action and self-efficacy. Health belief model helps explain the reason why people perform certain behaviors. The constructs emphasizes that health behavior is determined by one’s beliefs about a disease and the approach to decrease the occurrence (Hayden, 2014). Hayden (2014, pg31) states, that personal perception is influenced by the whole range of intrapersonal factors affecting health behavior including but not limited to: knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, experiences, skills, culture, and religion. If the health belief model is further used it may help to get a better understanding for the noncompliance of hand hygiene. Changing the behavior will enable a successful outcome and decrease the risk for all patients in the hospital setting. In this case, Health Belief Model provides a way to understanding and predicting how healthcare staff will behave in relation to their health as well as the patient and how they will comply with health care policies. Promoting hand hygiene in the hospital field will help to eliminate high rates of hospital acquired infections (Maskerine and Loeb, 2006). This theory based program will hopefully engage the HCW to change their perceptions and eventually use what is learned to effectively practice good hand hygiene. This health care program is designed using the constructs of the health belief model. This program proposed is developed to help reduce healthcare acquired infections by improving hand washing techniques among hospital staff, mainly in registered nurses, respiratory therapists, nursing techs and physicians. This program will help engage the health care staff by using media( video) and mock scenarios to educate and answer survey questionnaires based on the constructs; perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action and self-efficacy. It will consist of 50 HCW from 4 different hospitals, two with low HAI rates and two with high infection rates. Consent from the employees as well as the hospital will be needed for the process. During the program the staff will be split into groups and will work with those individuals that are part of the group. Before advancing into teaching, the healthcare workers will be placed into a mock hospital setting and each will be given a title and job description to perform. This process is to determine how many times and during what times hand washing or alcohol based sanitizer is used. Secondly a survey questionnaire will be given. Third, a video will be presented to educate about the consequences of poor hand washing compliance and how it also affects them as well as the patient. The staff will be able to engage in discussion and state what was done wrong in the video, why it was done wrong and things that should be changed. One of the videos will consist of a recording of the mock scenario performed by the healthcare workers. Lastly, the mock will be repeated to acknowledge if the sta ff did anything different from the first scenario. After reviewing the results of the program, an evaluation will take place to determine whether the program was effective and whether there were significant changes. There are many programs in the world to help improve conditions within communities. Although there are so many, people need to know whether they are effective and beneficial. Milstein and Wetterhall (2013 pg. 3) states, â€Å"The systematic use of evaluation has solved many problems and helped countless community-based organizations do what they do better. Community Health and development programs are evaluated to help clarify program plans, improving communication among partners and Gather the feedback needed to improve and be accountable for program effectiveness (Milstein and Wetterhall, 2013). When an evaluation is done, people are able to see their mistakes. It provides insight on whether to use a different strategy to improve what the program intended. Thus this will help improve the efficacy of the program. Evaluation can also determine whether the participants of the program were at all affected, empowered, and if participants retained knowledgeable facts. â€Å"Evaluation is a powerful strategy for distinguishing programs and interventions that make a difference from those that dont. It is a driving force for developing and adapting sound strategies, improving existing programs, and demonstrating the results of investments in time and other resources. It also helps to determine whether the process taking place is worth the co st† (Milstein and Wetterhall, 2013, p25). The framework serves for further improvement with the use of best practice which supports steps and standards that can be used in most settings. Because the framework is purposefully general, it provides a stable guide to design and conduct a wide range of evaluation efforts in a variety of specific program areas (Milstein and Wetterhall, 2013). To evaluate the program’s effectiveness, direct observation can be done as well as tracking the infection rates of the hospital from where the healthcare workers are employed. Permission by the Hospital committee would be needed to obtain data. During the process of the program direct observation can be used during both mock scenarios to determine if the healthcare staff retained what they learned and if it was used. Throughout the program direct observation will take place and a recording will be kept of the times the healthcare staff used hand washing techniques. This will be formed into a data graph to be evaluated at the end. The survey taken by the healthcare staff will also be reviewed to define if perceptions, attitudes and knowledge are still the same. This program will be compared with other programs to determine what worked and how many people effectively used hand hygiene. Comparing with other programs allow visual of their process to determine whether the same resu lts were produced. The best way to determine whether a difference was made is to review the infection rates of the hospital before and after the program was initiated. This will produce whether there was improvement and if the program made an impact to significantly decrease the infection rates. It will allow determination of beneficial factors to the healthcare workers as well as the patients. By evaluating the program and the effect on the hospital it will determine whether goals and objectives were met. This will allow for changes to be made to the program and new work plans to take effect based on data reviews, experiences and surveys. References Creedon, S.A. (2008) Hand hygiene compliance: exploring variations in practice between hospitals. Nursing Times; 104: 49, 32-35. Hayden, J. (2014). Introduction to Health Behavior Theory. Sudberry, M: Jones and Bartlett Publishers Marije, C B., Marlies, H., Martin, P. E., and Michel, W., Richard PTM G.. (2007). Planning and Studying Improvement in Patient Care: The Use of Theoretical Perspectives. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690312/ Maskerine, C. Loeb, M. (2006)Improving adherence to hand hygiene among health care workers. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions. Vol. 26 Issue 3, p244-251. 8p, 0894-1912 DOI: 10.1002/chp.77 Milstein, B. and Wetterhall, S. CDC Evaluation Working Group. (2013). Recommended framework for program evaluation in public health practice. Atlanta, GA. Retrieved from http://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/evaluate/evaluation/framework-for-evaluation/main

Torture in Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison

Michel Foucault was considered as a postmodernist philosopher. He was known to expose the changing nature of human institutions. In the book Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, Foucault revealed the evolution of social correction and discipline. Torture was part of this evolution and it disappeared due to the shift in the power. In the 18th century, torture was used as a punishment for criminals and the public display of violence was done in an effort to deter crime and show the power of monarchy. In the 19th century, power was shifted to the soul.As a result, changes in correctional methods were made. In Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, Michel Foucault used the issue of torture to illustrate the change in power and prove the arbitrary nature of disciplinary institutions. In the book, Foucault began his discussion on torture with the gruesome account of the execution of Damiens the regicide on March 1, 1757 (Foucault, 1977). The details given provide a horr ifying picture: the criminal, who was clothed with only a shirt, had his flesh torn with the use of pincers.After the flesh was removed, a combination of hot molten lead, oil, resin, sulfur and wax was poured on his body. Initially, it was planned that the body would be torn with the help of horses, which would be drawn apart. When this plan did not work, the executioner named Samson had to sever the joints. After the limbs were pulled away, the body was burnt to ashes (Foucault, 1977). According to Foucault, torture as punishment was a judicial ritual (Foucault, 1977). To fully understand the notion of torture, it is important to consider the historical context from which it was taken.Foucault wrote that torture had been practiced since the ancient times and was a significant part of ancient legal procedures. In the 18th century, the monarchical form of government and feudalism was prevalent (Sarup, 1993). The king possessed absolute power, and he manifested this power on his subje cts. At that point in history, the crime was perceived as similar to sacrilege. This perception was the reason why punishment became the ritual which was not created for the purpose of reform; it was made with the intention to uphold the sacredness of a law which had been broken by the criminal (Sarup, 1993).Hence, torture was ineffective as punishment because reform was not its objective. Foucault pointed out that torture was not merely a judicial ritual; it was also political in nature (Foucault, 1977). Public execution, like the case of Damiens, involved the participation of sovereign. By committing a crime, the criminal had offended the sovereignty. As a response to the offense, the sovereign would inflict harm on the body of the criminal. Torture was the means in which the offense of the criminal against the sovereign can be undone (Foucault, 1977). Torture as a method of punishment focused on the body.He explained that torture allowed the body of the criminal to reveal the tru th of the crime (Foucault, 1977). In the brutal ceremony of torture, the body of the offender would create and recreate the truth of the offense. In the context of Damiens’ execution, his torture presented the truth of the parricide he committed. The authorities relied on the effect on the body to achieve the desired outcome. They believed that the viewing public would react accordingly to the execution; they thought that the violent display will decrease the number of crimes because the audience would be overcome with fear.However, this was not the case. The public had a different reaction. The body of the criminal became the source of pity. Instead of feeling fear after witnessing the torture, they felt sympathy for the criminal. The broadsheets which documented the details of the crime and the punishment did not succeed in preventing crime; rather, it succeeded in arousing admiration from the public. The accounts depicted the object of torture as a hero as opposed to a cri minal. In addition, torture became a source of conflict between the sovereign and the people.Torture was supposed to be a manifestation of the power of the sovereign on the body; it was designed to make the people fear the sovereign. Instead, the public executions made the audience detest the sovereign’s power over them and their bodies. As a result, the public often intervened at the executions. Foucault wrote that the criminals had to be guarded from the audience and that the people often attempted to liberate the jailed convicts (Foucault, 1977). Eventually, torture as punishment was rendered obsolete because power was redirected to the soul.In the book, Foucault juxtaposed the account of Damiens’ torture in the 18th century with the schedule of prisoners in a 19th century jail (Foucault, 1977). This juxtaposition presented the dramatic difference between punishments in those time periods. According to Foucault, the transformation occurred because the penalty shifte d from body to soul. In the past, the punishment was directed towards the body. By the 19th century, torture disappeared because punishment was already directed to the soul. The executioner, who was once a relevant figure, was replaced with new figures of authority.Professionals such as doctors and psychologists took over the correctional process. Foucault claimed that those who were responsible for the transformation of correctional methods had learned to consider the humanity of the criminals; they sought to respect and reform the human body rather than diminish it. Prison life was more humane than torture, but both methods of correction were still grounded on power. A new kind of power existed for the criminals, that which resulted in impersonal method of supervision which influenced the psychology of the inmates (Foucault, 1977).Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison is a postmodernist text. Michel Foucault had undermined the stability of institutions by exposing its cha nging nature through his discussion on torture. Foucault illustrated the prevalence and obsolescence of torture as a form of punishment in history. He proved that the existence of torture was due to the manifestation of power on the body. When power was manifested on the soul, it ceased to exist. Indeed, Michel Foucault had shown the arbitrariness of institutions through his discussion on torture. References Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. (A. Sheridan, Trans.). New York: Vintage Books (Original work published 1975). Sarup, M. (1993). An Introductory Guide to Post-structuralism and Postmodernism (2nd ed.).

What Everybody Dislikes About Diversity Statement Samples Law School Essay Examples Powerscore and Why

What Everybody Dislikes About Diversity Statement Samples Law School Essay Examples Powerscore and Why Who Else Wants to Learn About Diversity Statement Samples Law School Essay Examples Powerscore? I learned how to truly feel comfortable in uncomfortable conditions. This is what admissions officers wish to observe when they read things in this way. If you're feeling confident about what is great practice, you will have the ability to deal more effectively with incidents that spring up. Accentuate any character traits which you feel you've built via the adversity and use examples of skills that you currently possess as a consequence of these trials. Key Pieces of Diversity Statement Samples Law School Essay Examples Powerscore This essay offers you the chance to share a new and different facet of your character or background with the admission committee at every school of your pick. By writing a strong piece about your own personal diverse qualities, you will be able to de monstrate the admissions committee that you will make an outstanding add-on to a dynamic and powerful incoming class. Many non-traditional candidates could possibly be thinking of their law degree for a resume-enhancer, or to supplement as opposed to replace their current career. In the event the answer is no, then you may want to rethink your choice in profession. Meaning, you'll need to talk about your private background and the way this has affected you. Diversity statements aren't mandatory. They are a relatively new addition to the job application packet. Whispered Diversity Statement Samples Law School Essay Examples Powerscore Secrets Big businesses and Universities are always watching for young and talented folks. People started to stare at me. Moreover, medical schools already know about all the programs and resources they supply, which means you wouldn't be providing much value via your writing. Needless to say, it's true that lots of faculty members overtly reject campus efforts to increase diversity and equity. However, it's also a fact that search committee members who don't care about diversity do not read diversity statements. Additionally, it provides some changes about which schools will need to be aware. The Unexpected Truth About Diversity Statement Samples Law School Essay Examples Powerscore It's not merely fingers or memorization. Your sentence structure is a bit too unwieldy. You've just one first sentence to acquire the reader interested in YOU. Namely, a number of your lengthier multi-compound sentences could stand to get broken down into a few sentences. Personal Statement is going to do just fine. Law School Expert can help you figure out whether it would help you to compose this essay and the way to approach it. Faculty jobs can be challenging. If admitted, I aspire to take part in the Social Justice Program. You can decide to focus on whatever you feel explains your distinct circumstance and gives more context for your application. However, it answers the question more directly to get started with why you wish to go there and then explain why you wish to go there with a bit about why they ought to would like you to go there. I was nervous regarding the approach. Please attach your resume within this section. Most Noticeable Diversity Statement Samples Law School Essay Examples Powerscore For instance, if a school focuses a whole lot on community service and you've got similar experiences, mention that. Do not be worried if you don't have any legal experience yet. A young child is not going to be excluded directly, but will be not able to participate due to their private situation. Do not consist of high school.

Racial Equality And Racial Equity During World War II

I. In expansion, after World War II happened, Americans were compelled to take a gander at the shading lines of their own general public, when contrasted and Hitler s Nazism, and its belief system of Aryan racial matchless quality. Gunnar Mydral s An American Dilemma states, Americans must apply the rule of majority rule government all the more unequivocally towards race. Despotism and Nazism depend on a racial prevalence creed similar to the old worn out American position hypothesis and they came to control by method for abuse and persecution. In this manner, Americans must remain before the entire world in backing of racial resistance and equity. The renowned instance of Brown v. The Board of Education, decided that different instructive offices were innately equivalent. While combination remained generally a court administering on paper, isolation persevered as a reality in the public eye. African Americans understood that change ought to be moved towards the courts of their own g roups. Only a short year after the Brown case, a standout amongst the most groundbreaking stirrings for racial equity started on December 1, 1955, when a ladies by the name of Rosa Parks started her activism in social liberties challenges. Her definitive capture was the reason for a touchy dissent The Montgomery transport blacklist. Another era was confronted with its own battle for freedom. It was what gave ascend for the need of African Americans to stand and to assume the liability ofShow MoreRelatedAfrican American Of African Americans1491 Words   |  6 Pagesreparations for African Americans as way for racial equality. Robert L. Allen is adjunct professor of African American Studies at University of California Berkeley and received a Ph.D. in Sociology from University of California, San Francisco. Also Allen is an editor of the Black Scholar Journal and the author of eight books. 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